Bibliography

Archival sources

Lilly Library, Indiana University
Nadine Gordimer Papers

Macmillan SA, Johannesburg
Ravan Press Archives (RPA)

National Afrikaans Literature and Research Centre, Bloemfontein (NALN)
Author and Publisher Papers

National Archives and Records of South Africa, Pretoria
Censorship Board

National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa (NELM)
Author and Publisher Papers

New York Public Library, Rare Books Division
Nadine Gordimer Papers
New Yorker Archive

St Hugh’s College, Oxford
Mary Renault Papers

South African Library, Cape Town
South African PEN Centre, Memorandum, n.d. [c.1960]

University of Chicago Library
Congress for Cultural Freedom Papers

University of Reading Library
Heinemann African Writers Series Archives
Jonathan Cape Archives
Secker & Warburg Archives

Western Cape Provincial Archives and Records, Cape Town (WCPA)

Digital sources

Beacon for Freedom of Expression, accessed 27 June 2008.

Brink, André P., ‘Kennis van Sensuur 2004’, accessed 7 Aug. 2007.

Bronstein, V., ‘What You Can and Can’t Say in South Africa’, accessed 31 July 2018.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), accessed 4 June 2006.

Digital Innovation South Africa, Freedom Struggles, 1950–94, accessed 25 Apr. 2006.

Gardiner, M., ‘Looking for Wopko Jensma’, ZA@Play, 13 Mar. 2000, accessed 14 May 2006 but no longer available.

Students’ British Board of Film Classification, accessed 12 Aug. 2006.

Oral sources

Coetzee, A., personal interview, 28 Aug. 2001.
Coetzee, J. M., personal interviews, 8 May, 27 July 1999.
Kirkwood, M., personal interview, 21 Oct. 2006.
Matthews, J., personal interview, 5 Apr. 2002.
Randall, P., personal interview, 17 Aug. 1998.
Scholtz, H. van der M., personal interview, 22 Aug. 2001.
Scholtz, R., personal interview, 22 Aug. 2001.

Published sources

Government documents

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Entertainments (Censorship) Act, No. 28, 1931, Union Gazette Extraordinary, 5 June 1931 (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1931).
Films and Publications Act, 1996, Government Gazette, 377/17560 (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1996).
Publications Act, No. 42, 1974, Government Gazette, 112/4426 (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1974).
Publications and Entertainments Act, No. 26, 1963, Statutes of the Republic of South Africa 1963 (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1963).
Report by the Commission of Inquiry into the Publications and Entertainments Bill (A. B. 61-’73) (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1974).
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Silver, Louise (ed.), Publications Appeal Board: Digest of Decisions, 4 vols (Johannesburg: Centre for Applied Legal Studies, 1979–86).
Williams, B., et al., Report of the Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1979).

Other

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——‘Klad, Teiken of Skimmelvlek?’, Kol, 1/1 (Aug. 1968), 8–13.
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Brink, A. P., ‘Antwoord aan Smit’, Kol, 1/3 (Oct.–Nov. 1968), 5–6.
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Bunting, B., The Rise of the South African Reich (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964). See also Z.N.

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Coetzee, A., ‘Die skrywer en die gemeenskap teenoor mekaar’ (The Writer and the Community against Each Other), Tydskrif vir Letterkunde, 1/3 (Aug. 1963), 6–14.
Coetzee, A. J., ‘Literature and Crisis: One Hundred Years of Afrikaans Literature and Afrikaner Nationalism’, in M. Trump (ed.), Rendering Things Visible (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1990).
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——and J. Polley (eds), Crossing Borders: Writers Meet the ANC (Bramley: Taurus, 1990).
Coetzee, J. M., ‘Alex La Guma and the Responsibilities of the South African Writer’, Journal of New African Literature and the Arts, 9/10 (1972), 5–11.
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——Waiting for the Barbarians (London: Secker & Warburg, 1980).
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Coggin, T. (ed.), Censorship (Johannesburg: SA Institute of Race Relations, 1983).
Cope, J., The Adversary Within (Cape Town: David Philip, 1982).
——‘The World of Contrast’, English in Africa, 7/2 (Sept. 1980), 1–21.
Cronjé, G., ‘Keer die Verspreiding van Aanstootlike Leestof’, Die Huisgenoot, 7 Oct. 1957, 6–7.
Currey, J., ‘The African Writers Series at 30’, Southern African Review of Books (Mar.–Apr. 1993), 4.

Dangor, A., et al., Exiles Within: An Anthology of Poetry (Johannesburg: Writers’ Forum, 1986).
Daymond, M. J., et al. (eds), Momentum: On Recent South African Writing (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1984).
Dean, W. H. B., ‘Judging the Obscene’, Acta Juridica (1972), 61–150.
Dekker, G., Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis (Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel, 1961).
de Kock, L., Civilizing Barbarians: Missionary Narrative and African Textual Response in Nineteenth-Century South Africa (Alice: Lovedale Press; Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1996).
de Kok, I., and K. Press (eds), Spring Is Rebellious (Cape Town: Buchu Books, 1990).
De Lange, M., The Muzzled Muse (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997).
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Devlin, P., The Enforcement of Morals (London: British Academy, 1959).
Driver, C. J., ‘No Politics Is Politics’, New African, 1/4 (Apr. 1962), 13–15.
Dubow, S., A Commonwealth of Knowledge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Duncan, J. (ed.), Between Speech and Hate: Hate Speech, Pornography and the New South Africa (Johannesburg: Idasa, 1996).
Dworkin, R., ‘The Right to Ridicule’, New York Review of Books, 23 Mar. 2006, 44.

Ehmeir, W., ‘Publishing South African Literature in the 1960s’, Research in African Literatures, 26/1 (Spring 1995), 110–31.
English, J. F., The Economy of Prestige (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005).
Evans, N., and M. Seeber (eds), The Politics of Publishing in South Africa (Scottsville: University of Natal Press, 2000).

Feinberg, B. (ed.), Poets to the People (London: Heinemann, 1981). See also Whitman, Scarlet.
Fish, S., Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980).
Fleischer, T. (ed.), New South African Writing, 2 vols (Johannesburg: Purnell, 1964, 1965).

Gala [A. La Guma], ‘Against Literary Apartheid’, African Communist, 58 (1974), 99–106. See also La Guma, A.
Galloway, F., Breyten Breytenbach as Openbare Figuur (Pretoria: Haum-Literêr, 1990).
——(ed.), SA Literature 1981 (Johannesburg: Ad Donker, 1983).
——(ed.), SA Literature 1983 (Pretoria: Haum-Literêr, 1987).
Gardiner, M., South African Literary Magazines 1956–1978 (Johannesburg: Warren Siebrits Modern and Contemporary Art, 2004).
Gardner, S. (ed.), Publisher/Writer/Reader: Sociology of Southern African Literature (Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press, 1986).
Garrard, J. and C., Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union (London: I. B. Tauris, 1990).
Geldenhuys, P. B., Pornografie, Sensuur en Reg (Johannesburg: Lex Patria, 1977).
Giliomee, H., The Afrikaners: Biography of a People (Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2003).
Gordimer, N., ‘Apartheid and Censorship’, in J. S. Paton (ed.), The Grey Ones (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1974).
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——‘The Idea of Gardening’, New York Review of Books (2 Feb. 1984), 3–6.
——The Late Bourgeois World (London: Gollancz, 1966).
——Some Monday for Sure (London: Heinemann, 1976).
——‘South Africa: Towards a Desk Drawer Literature’, The Classic, 2/4 (1968), 64–74.
——A World of Strangers (London: Gollancz, 1958;Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961).
——et al., What Happened to ‘Burger’s Daughter’? (Emmarentia: Taurus, 1980).
Gray, S. (ed.), Free-lancers and Literary Biography in South Africa (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999).
——(ed.), On the Edge of the World (Johannesburg: Ad Donker, 1974).
Green, B., ‘“This Beacon in Our Murky Lives”: The CNA Literary Award, 1961–81’, English Academy Review, 12 (1995), 11–32.
[Gwala, M.?], ‘Arts and Entertainment’, Black Review (1973), 111–12.
——Jol’iiknomo (Johannesburg: Ad Donker, 1977).
——‘Letter to Richard Rive’, South African Outlook, 101/1207 (Dec. 1971), 178–9.
——(ed.), Black Review (1973).

Habermas, J., The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962; Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989).
Head, D., Nadine Gordimer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Hofmeyr, I., The Portable Bunyan (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2004).
Hughes, L. (ed.), An African Treasury (New York: Crown, 1960).
Human, K., ’n Lewe met Boeke (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 2006).

Jensma, W., i must show you my clippings (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1977).
——where white is the colour where black is the number (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1974).
Jones, D. (ed.), Censorship: A World Encyclopedia, 4 vols (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001).
Joubert, S., ‘Publishing in Another South Africa’, African Publishing Record, 17/1 (1991), 9–15.

Kahn, E., ‘When the Lion Feeds—and the Censor Pounces: A Disquisition on the Banning of Immoral Publications in South Africa’, South African Law Journal, 83/3 (Aug. 1966), 278–336.
Kannemeyer, J. C., Die Afrikaanse Literatuur, 1652–2004 (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 2005).
Karis, T., and G. M. Gehart (eds), From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882–1964, 3 vols (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1972–7).
Kavanagh, R., Theatre and Cultural Struggle in South Africa (London: Zed Books, 1985).
Kemal, Y., ‘A Dirty Story’, Staffrider, 6/1 (1984), 7–14.
Kgositsile, K., ‘Culture and Resistance in South Africa’, Medu Newsletter, 5/1 (1983), 23–30.
Kirkwood, M., ‘Reflections on PEN’, Sesame, 3 (Summer 1983–4), 22–6.
——‘Staffrider: An Informal Discussion’, English in Africa, 7/2 (Sept. 1980), 22–31.
——Christopher van Wyk, et al., ‘A Reply from Ravan Press’, African Book Publishing Record, 10/4 (1984), 205–6.
Krog, A., ‘My Beautiful Land’, Sechaba, 5/1 (Jan. 1971), 16.
Kross, C., ‘Culture and Resistance’, Staffrider, 5/2 (1982), 11–12.

La Guma, A., The Stone Country (Berlin: Seven Seas, 1967). See also Gala.
Leighton, J. M., ‘Censorship: One or Two Points in Favour and Some Against’, Index on Censorship, 5/1 (Spring 1976), 41–5.
Leroux, E., ‘Daardie brief was ook aan my gerig’, Kol, 1/2 (Sept.–Oct. 1968), 2–6.
——Magersfontein, O Magersfontein! (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1976).
——To a Dubious Salvation (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972).
Levin, H., ‘Thematics and Criticism’, in Levin, Grounds for Comparison (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972).
Louw, A. M., ‘In the Heart of the Country: A Calvinist Allegory?’, PN Review, 14/2 (1987), 50–1.
Louw, N. P. van Wyk, Die Pluimsaad Waai Ver of Bitter Begin (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1972).
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——Versamelde Prosa 1 (Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1986).
——Versamelde Prosa 2 (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1986).
——‘Voorlopige dood van die jambiese vyfvoeter’, Kol, 1/1 (Aug. 1968), 1.

McDonald, Peter D., ‘Ideas of the Book and Histories of Literature: After Theory?’, PMLA 121/1 (Jan. 2006), 214–28.
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Malan, C., and M. Bosman, Sensuur, literatuur en die leser: ‘Donderdag of Woensdag’ as totesgeval (Pretoria: Sensal, 1983).
Masilela, N., ‘South African Literature in African Languages’, in S. Gikandi (ed.), Encyclopaedia of African Literature (London: Routledge, 2003).
Matshoba, M., Call Me Not a Man (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1979;London: Longman, 1987).
Matthews, J., no time for dreams (Cape Town: BLAC, 1981).
——The Party Is Over (Cape Town: Kwela Books, 1997).
——pass me a meatball, Jones (Cape Town: BLAC, 1977).
——(ed.), Black Voices Shout! (Cape Town: BLAC, 1974).
——and G. Thomas, Cry Rage! (Johannesburg: Spro-cas, 1972).
Medu Publications and Research Unit, ‘Opening the Doors of Culture’, Medu Newsletter, 4/1 (1982), 10–15.
Meintjies, F., ‘New Thinking—the Broader Political Context’, in I. de Kok and K. Press (eds), Spring Is Rebellious (Cape Town: Buchu Books, 1990).
Merrett, C., A Culture of Censorship (Cape Town: David Philip, 1994).
Moodley, S., ‘Black Consciousness, the Black Artist and the Emerging Black Culture’, SASO Newsletter, 2/3 (May–June 1972), 19–20.
Morphet, T., ‘Cultural Imagination and Cultural Settlement: Albie Sachs and Njabulo Ndebele’, in I. de Kok and K. Press (eds), Spring Is Rebellious (Cape Town: Buchu Books, 1990).
Mphahlele, E., The African Image (London: Faber, 1962; new, rev. edn, 1974).
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——Es’kia (Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2002).
——Es’kia Continued (Johannesburg: Stainbank and Associates, 2005).
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——‘Mphahlele on the CIA’, Transition, 7/3 (Dec.–Jan. 1967–8), 5.
——The Unbroken Song (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1981).
——Voices in the Whirlwind (London: Macmillan, 1973).
——The Wanderers (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1983).
——‘The Woman Walks Out’, The Purple Renoster, 2 (Spring 1957), 4–6.
Mtshali, O., Sounds of a Cowhide Drum (Johannesburg: Renoster Books, 1971;Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972).
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Mutloatse, M., ‘Indigenous Publishing in South Africa: The Case of Skotaville Publishers’, in P. G. Altbach (ed.), Publishing and Development in the Third World (London: Hans Zell, 1992).
——(ed.), Forced Landing (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1980).
Mzamane, M. V., The Children of Soweto (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1982).
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Ndebele, N., ‘Black Development’, in B. S. Biko (ed.), Black Viewpoint (Johannesburg: Spro-cas, 1972).
——Fools and Other Stories (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1983).
——Rediscovery of the Ordinary (Johannesburg: COSAW, 1991).
Nkasa, N., Comment, The Classic, 1/1 (1963), 4.
——The World of Nat Nakasa, ed. E. Patel (Randburg: Ravan, 1975).
Nkosi, L., ‘Alex La Guma: The Man and his Work’, South Africa: Information and Analysis, 59 (Jan. 1968), 1–8.
——Home and Exile (London: Longmans, Green, 1965).
Ndletyana, M et al., African Intellectuals in 19th and early 20th Century South Africa (Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2008).
Nussbaum, M. C., Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
Nuttall, S., ‘Literature and the Archive: The Biography of Texts’, in C. Hamilton et al. (eds), Refiguring the Archive (Cape Town: David Philip, 2002).

O’Brien, A., Against Normalization (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001).
——‘Literature in Another South Africa: Njabulo Ndebele’s Theory of Emergent Culture’, Diacritics, 22/1 (1992), 66–85.
Odendaal, W., ‘Donga: One Angry Voice’, English in Africa, 7/2 (Sept. 1980), 67–74.

Paton, J. S. (ed.), The Grey Ones (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1974).
Peires, J., ‘Lovedale Press: Literature for the Bantu Revisited’, English in Africa, 7/1 (Mar. 1980), 71–85.
‘PEN Charter’, South African PEN Yearbook (Johannesburg: CNA, 1954).
Petersen, S. V. et. al, ‘Binnelandse Sensuur’ (Domestic Censorship), Standpunte, 30 (Dec. 1953), 1–32.
Philip, D., ‘Oppositional Publishing in South Africa from 1945 to 2000’, Logos, 2/1 (2000), 41–8.
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Plaatje, S. T., Mhudi (Lovedale: Lovedale Press, 1930).
Powell, Rose, ‘Writing Is Part of the Struggle’, Index on Censorship, 9/6 (Dec. 1980), 8–12.
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——et al., Papers of the South African Literary Society (Cape Town: W. Bridekirk, 1825; repr. Cape Town: Africana Connoisseurs Press, 1963).

Raditlhalo, S., and T. L. Liyong (eds), Es’kia (Johannesburg: Stainbank and Associates, 2006).
Randall, P., ‘The Beginnings of Ravan Press: A Memoir’, in G. E. de Villiers (ed.), Ravan: Twenty Five Years (Randburg: Ravan, 1997).
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Roberts, R. S., No Cold Kitchen (Johannesburg: STE Publishers, 2005).
Roscoe, A., Uhuru’s Fire: African Literature East to South (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
Royston, R. (ed.), Black Poets in South Africa (London: Heinemann, 1974).

Sachs, A., Advancing Human Rights in South Africa (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1992).
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Sanders, M., Complicities: The Intellectual and Apartheid (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).
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Sepamla, S., ‘A Note on New Classic and S’ketsh’, English in Africa, 7/2 (Sept. 1980), 81–5.
Seroke, J., ‘The Voice of the Voiceless’, African Book Publishing Record, 10/4 (1984), 201–6.
Serote, M. W., ‘the black word’, BLAC Newsletter, 1/2 [c.1975], 4–5.
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Small, A., ‘Kol-kol oor vier se gesprek ’n vyfde’, Kol, 1/2 (Sept. 1968), 9–13.
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Theses

Mzamane, M., ‘Black Consciousness Poets in South Africa 1967–1980’, Ph.D. thesis (Sheffield University, 1984).
van der Vlies, A., ‘Constructing South African Literatures in Britain, 1880–1980’, D.Phil. thesis (Oxford University, 2004).

Midgely, P. ‘Author, Ideology, Publisher: A Symbiotic Relationship’, MA
Thesis (Rhodes University, 1993).